stm32lib/STM32F4xx_HAL_Driver/Src/stm32f4xx_hal_rcc.c

/**
  ******************************************************************************
  * @file    stm32f4xx_hal_rcc.c
  * @author  MCD Application Team
  * @version V1.7.1
  * @date    14-April-2017
  * @brief   RCC HAL module driver.
  *          This file provides firmware functions to manage the following
  *          functionalities of the Reset and Clock Control (RCC) peripheral:
  *           + Initialization and de-initialization functions
  *           + Peripheral Control functions
  *
  @verbatim
  ==============================================================================
                      ##### RCC specific features #####
  ==============================================================================
    [..]
      After reset the device is running from Internal High Speed oscillator
      (HSI 16MHz) with Flash 0 wait state, Flash prefetch buffer, D-Cache
      and I-Cache are disabled, and all peripherals are off except internal
      SRAM, Flash and JTAG.
      (+) There is no prescaler on High speed (AHB) and Low speed (APB) busses;
          all peripherals mapped on these busses are running at HSI speed.
      (+) The clock for all peripherals is switched off, except the SRAM and FLASH.
      (+) All GPIOs are in input floating state, except the JTAG pins which
          are assigned to be used for debug purpose.

    [..]
      Once the device started from reset, the user application has to:
      (+) Configure the clock source to be used to drive the System clock
          (if the application needs higher frequency/performance)
      (+) Configure the System clock frequency and Flash settings
      (+) Configure the AHB and APB busses prescalers
      (+) Enable the clock for the peripheral(s) to be used
      (+) Configure the clock source(s) for peripherals which clocks are not
          derived from the System clock (I2S, RTC, ADC, USB OTG FS/SDIO/RNG)

                      ##### RCC Limitations #####
  ==============================================================================
    [..]
      A delay between an RCC peripheral clock enable and the effective peripheral
      enabling should be taken into account in order to manage the peripheral read/write
      from/to registers.
      (+) This delay depends on the peripheral mapping.
      (+) If peripheral is mapped on AHB: the delay is 2 AHB clock cycle
          after the clock enable bit is set on the hardware register
      (+) If peripheral is mapped on APB: the delay is 2 APB clock cycle
          after the clock enable bit is set on the hardware register

    [..]
      Implemented Workaround:
      (+) For AHB & APB peripherals, a dummy read to the peripheral register has been
          inserted in each __HAL_RCC_PPP_CLK_ENABLE() macro.

  @endverbatim
  ******************************************************************************
  * @attention
  *
  * <h2><center>&copy; COPYRIGHT(c) 2017 STMicroelectronics</center></h2>
  *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
  * are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
  *   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
  *      this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
  *   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
  *      this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
  *      and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
  *   3. Neither the name of STMicroelectronics nor the names of its contributors
  *      may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
  *      without specific prior written permission.
  *
  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
  * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
  * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
  * SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
  * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
  * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
  * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  *
  ******************************************************************************
  */

/* Includes ------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include "stm32f4xx_hal.h"

/** @addtogroup STM32F4xx_HAL_Driver
  * @{
  */

/** @defgroup RCC RCC
  * @brief RCC HAL module driver
  * @{
  */

#ifdef HAL_RCC_MODULE_ENABLED

/* Private typedef -----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Private define ------------------------------------------------------------*/
/** @addtogroup RCC_Private_Constants
  * @{
  */
#define CLOCKSWITCH_TIMEOUT_VALUE  5000U /* 5 s */

/* Private macro -------------------------------------------------------------*/
#define __MCO1_CLK_ENABLE()   __HAL_RCC_GPIOA_CLK_ENABLE()
#define MCO1_GPIO_PORT        GPIOA
#define MCO1_PIN              GPIO_PIN_8

#define __MCO2_CLK_ENABLE()   __HAL_RCC_GPIOC_CLK_ENABLE()
#define MCO2_GPIO_PORT         GPIOC
#define MCO2_PIN               GPIO_PIN_9
/**
  * @}
  */

/* Private variables ---------------------------------------------------------*/
/** @defgroup RCC_Private_Variables RCC Private Variables
  * @{
  */
/**
  * @}
  */
/* Private function prototypes -----------------------------------------------*/
/* Private functions ---------------------------------------------------------*/

/** @defgroup RCC_Exported_Functions RCC Exported Functions
  *  @{
  */

/** @defgroup RCC_Exported_Functions_Group1 Initialization and de-initialization functions
 *  @brief    Initialization and Configuration functions
 *
@verbatim
 ===============================================================================
           ##### Initialization and de-initialization functions #####
 ===============================================================================
    [..]
      This section provides functions allowing to configure the internal/external oscillators
      (HSE, HSI, LSE, LSI, PLL, CSS and MCO) and the System busses clocks (SYSCLK, AHB, APB1
       and APB2).

    [..] Internal/external clock and PLL configuration
         (#) HSI (high-speed internal), 16 MHz factory-trimmed RC used directly or through
             the PLL as System clock source.

         (#) LSI (low-speed internal), 32 KHz low consumption RC used as IWDG and/or RTC
             clock source.

         (#) HSE (high-speed external), 4 to 26 MHz crystal oscillator used directly or
             through the PLL as System clock source. Can be used also as RTC clock source.

         (#) LSE (low-speed external), 32 KHz oscillator used as RTC clock source.

         (#) PLL (clocked by HSI or HSE), featuring two different output clocks:
           (++) The first output is used to generate the high speed system clock (up to 168 MHz)
           (++) The second output is used to generate the clock for the USB OTG FS (48 MHz),
                the random analog generator (<=48 MHz) and the SDIO (<= 48 MHz).

         (#) CSS (Clock security system), once enable using the macro __HAL_RCC_CSS_ENABLE()
             and if a HSE clock failure occurs(HSE used directly or through PLL as System
             clock source), the System clocks automatically switched to HSI and an interrupt
             is generated if enabled. The interrupt is linked to the Cortex-M4 NMI
             (Non-Maskable Interrupt) exception vector.

         (#) MCO1 (microcontroller clock output), used to output HSI, LSE, HSE or PLL
             clock (through a configurable prescaler) on PA8 pin.

         (#) MCO2 (microcontroller clock output), used to output HSE, PLL, SYSCLK or PLLI2S
             clock (through a configurable prescaler) on PC9 pin.

    [..] System, AHB and APB busses clocks configuration
         (#) Several clock sources can be used to drive the System clock (SYSCLK): HSI,
             HSE and PLL.
             The AHB clock (HCLK) is derived from System clock through configurable
             prescaler and used to clock the CPU, memory and peripherals mapped
             on AHB bus (DMA, GPIO...). APB1 (PCLK1) and APB2 (PCLK2) clocks are derived
             from AHB clock through configurable prescalers and used to clock
             the peripherals mapped on these busses. You can use
             "HAL_RCC_GetSysClockFreq()" function to retrieve the frequencies of these clocks.

         (#) For the STM32F405xx/07xx and STM32F415xx/17xx devices, the maximum
             frequency of the SYSCLK and HCLK is 168 MHz, PCLK2 84 MHz and PCLK1 42 MHz.
             Depending on the device voltage range, the maximum frequency should
             be adapted accordingly (refer to the product datasheets for more details).

         (#) For the STM32F42xxx, STM32F43xxx, STM32F446xx, STM32F469xx and STM32F479xx devices,
             the maximum frequency of the SYSCLK and HCLK is 180 MHz, PCLK2 90 MHz and PCLK1 45 MHz.
             Depending on the device voltage range, the maximum frequency should
             be adapted accordingly (refer to the product datasheets for more details).

         (#) For the STM32F401xx, the maximum frequency of the SYSCLK and HCLK is 84 MHz,
             PCLK2 84 MHz and PCLK1 42 MHz.
             Depending on the device voltage range, the maximum frequency should
             be adapted accordingly (refer to the product datasheets for more details).

         (#) For the STM32F41xxx, the maximum frequency of the SYSCLK and HCLK is 100 MHz,
             PCLK2 100 MHz and PCLK1 50 MHz.
             Depending on the device voltage range, the maximum frequency should
             be adapted accordingly (refer to the product datasheets for more details).

@endverbatim
  * @{
  */

/**
  * @brief  Resets the RCC clock configuration to the default reset state.
  * @note   The default reset state of the clock configuration is given below:
  *            - HSI ON and used as system clock source
  *            - HSE and PLL OFF
  *            - AHB, APB1 and APB2 prescaler set to 1.
  *            - CSS, MCO1 and MCO2 OFF
  *            - All interrupts disabled
  * @note   This function doesn't modify the configuration of the
  *            - Peripheral clocks
  *            - LSI, LSE and RTC clocks
  * @retval None
  */
__weak void HAL_RCC_DeInit(void)
{}

/**
  * @brief  Initializes the RCC Oscillators according to the specified parameters in the
  *         RCC_OscInitTypeDef.
  * @param  RCC_OscInitStruct: pointer to an RCC_OscInitTypeDef structure that
  *         contains the configuration information for the RCC Oscillators.
  * @note   The PLL is not disabled when used as system clock.
  * @note   Transitions LSE Bypass to LSE On and LSE On to LSE Bypass are not
  *         supported by this API. User should request a transition to LSE Off
  *         first and then LSE On or LSE Bypass.
  * @note   Transition HSE Bypass to HSE On and HSE On to HSE Bypass are not
  *         supported by this API. User should request a transition to HSE Off
  *         first and then HSE On or HSE Bypass.
  * @retval HAL status
  */
__weak HAL_StatusTypeDef HAL_RCC_OscConfig(RCC_OscInitTypeDef  *RCC_OscInitStruct)
{
  uint32_t tickstart = 0U;

  /* Check the parameters */
  assert_param(IS_RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE(RCC_OscInitStruct->OscillatorType));
  /*------------------------------- HSE Configuration ------------------------*/
  if(((RCC_OscInitStruct->OscillatorType) & RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_HSE) == RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_HSE)
  {
    /* Check the parameters */
    assert_param(IS_RCC_HSE(RCC_OscInitStruct->HSEState));
    /* When the HSE is used as system clock or clock source for PLL in these cases HSE will not disabled */
    if((__HAL_RCC_GET_SYSCLK_SOURCE() == RCC_CFGR_SWS_HSE) ||\
      ((__HAL_RCC_GET_SYSCLK_SOURCE() == RCC_CFGR_SWS_PLL) && ((RCC->PLLCFGR & RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLSRC) == RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLSRC_HSE)))
    {
      if((__HAL_RCC_GET_FLAG(RCC_FLAG_HSERDY) != RESET) && (RCC_OscInitStruct->HSEState == RCC_HSE_OFF))
      {
        return HAL_ERROR;
      }
    }
    else
    {
      /* Set the new HSE configuration ---------------------------------------*/
      __HAL_RCC_HSE_CONFIG(RCC_OscInitStruct->HSEState);

      /* Check the HSE State */
      if((RCC_OscInitStruct->HSEState) != RCC_HSE_OFF)
      {
        /* Get Start Tick*/
        tickstart = HAL_GetTick();

        /* Wait till HSE is ready */
        while(__HAL_RCC_GET_FLAG(RCC_FLAG_HSERDY) == RESET)
        {
          if((HAL_GetTick() - tickstart ) > HSE_TIMEOUT_VALUE)
          {
            return HAL_TIMEOUT;
          }
        }
      }
      else
      {
        /* Get Start Tick*/
        tickstart = HAL_GetTick();

        /* Wait till HSE is bypassed or disabled */
        while(__HAL_RCC_GET_FLAG(RCC_FLAG_HSERDY) != RESET)
        {
          if((HAL_GetTick() - tickstart ) > HSE_TIMEOUT_VALUE)
          {
            return HAL_TIMEOUT;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  /*----------------------------- HSI Configuration --------------------------*/
  if(((RCC_OscInitStruct->OscillatorType) & RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_HSI) == RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_HSI)
  {
    /* Check the parameters */
    assert_param(IS_RCC_HSI(RCC_OscInitStruct->HSIState));
    assert_param(IS_RCC_CALIBRATION_VALUE(RCC_OscInitStruct->HSICalibrationValue));

    /* Check if HSI is used as system clock or as PLL source when PLL is selected as system clock */
    if((__HAL_RCC_GET_SYSCLK_SOURCE() == RCC_CFGR_SWS_HSI) ||\
      ((__HAL_RCC_GET_SYSCLK_SOURCE() == RCC_CFGR_SWS_PLL) && ((RCC->PLLCFGR & RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLSRC) == RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLSRC_HSI)))
    {
      /* When HSI is used as system clock it will not disabled */
      if((__HAL_RCC_GET_FLAG(RCC_FLAG_HSIRDY) != RESET) && (RCC_OscInitStruct->HSIState != RCC_HSI_ON))
      {
        return HAL_ERROR;
      }
      /* Otherwise, just the calibration is allowed */
      else
      {
        /* Adjusts the Internal High Speed oscillator (HSI) calibration value.*/
        __HAL_RCC_HSI_CALIBRATIONVALUE_ADJUST(RCC_OscInitStruct->HSICalibrationValue);
      }
    }
    else
    {
      /* Check the HSI State */
      if((RCC_OscInitStruct->HSIState)!= RCC_HSI_OFF)
      {
        /* Enable the Internal High Speed oscillator (HSI). */
        __HAL_RCC_HSI_ENABLE();

        /* Get Start Tick*/
        tickstart = HAL_GetTick();

        /* Wait till HSI is ready */
        while(__HAL_RCC_GET_FLAG(RCC_FLAG_HSIRDY) == RESET)
        {
          if((HAL_GetTick() - tickstart ) > HSI_TIMEOUT_VALUE)
          {
            return HAL_TIMEOUT;
          }
        }

        /* Adjusts the Internal High Speed oscillator (HSI) calibration value.*/
        __HAL_RCC_HSI_CALIBRATIONVALUE_ADJUST(RCC_OscInitStruct->HSICalibrationValue);
      }
      else
      {
        /* Disable the Internal High Speed oscillator (HSI). */
        __HAL_RCC_HSI_DISABLE();

        /* Get Start Tick*/
        tickstart = HAL_GetTick();

        /* Wait till HSI is ready */
        while(__HAL_RCC_GET_FLAG(RCC_FLAG_HSIRDY) != RESET)
        {
          if((HAL_GetTick() - tickstart ) > HSI_TIMEOUT_VALUE)
          {
            return HAL_TIMEOUT;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  /*------------------------------ LSI Configuration -------------------------*/
  if(((RCC_OscInitStruct->OscillatorType) & RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_LSI) == RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_LSI)
  {
    /* Check the parameters */
    assert_param(IS_RCC_LSI(RCC_OscInitStruct->LSIState));

    /* Check the LSI State */
    if((RCC_OscInitStruct->LSIState)!= RCC_LSI_OFF)
    {
      /* Enable the Internal Low Speed oscillator (LSI). */
      __HAL_RCC_LSI_ENABLE();

      /* Get Start Tick*/
      tickstart = HAL_GetTick();

      /* Wait till LSI is ready */
      while(__HAL_RCC_GET_FLAG(RCC_FLAG_LSIRDY) == RESET)
      {
        if((HAL_GetTick() - tickstart ) > LSI_TIMEOUT_VALUE)
        {
          return HAL_TIMEOUT;
        }
      }
    }
    else
    {
      /* Disable the Internal Low Speed oscillator (LSI). */
      __HAL_RCC_LSI_DISABLE();

      /* Get Start Tick*/
      tickstart = HAL_GetTick();

      /* Wait till LSI is ready */
      while(__HAL_RCC_GET_FLAG(RCC_FLAG_LSIRDY) != RESET)
      {
        if((HAL_GetTick() - tickstart ) > LSI_TIMEOUT_VALUE)
        {
          return HAL_TIMEOUT;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  /*------------------------------ LSE Configuration -------------------------*/
  if(((RCC_OscInitStruct->OscillatorType) & RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_LSE) == RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_LSE)
  {
    /* Check the parameters */
    assert_param(IS_RCC_LSE(RCC_OscInitStruct->LSEState));

    /* Enable Power Clock*/
    __HAL_RCC_PWR_CLK_ENABLE();

    /* Enable write access to Backup domain */
    PWR->CR |= PWR_CR_DBP;

    /* Wait for Backup domain Write protection enable */
    tickstart = HAL_GetTick();

    while((PWR->CR & PWR_CR_DBP) == RESET)
    {
      if((HAL_GetTick() - tickstart ) > RCC_DBP_TIMEOUT_VALUE)
      {
        return HAL_TIMEOUT;
      }
    }

    /* Set the new LSE configuration -----------------------------------------*/
    __HAL_RCC_LSE_CONFIG(RCC_OscInitStruct->LSEState);
    /* Check the LSE State */
    if((RCC_OscInitStruct->LSEState) != RCC_LSE_OFF)
    {
      /* Get Start Tick*/
      tickstart = HAL_GetTick();

      /* Wait till LSE is ready */
      while(__HAL_RCC_GET_FLAG(RCC_FLAG_LSERDY) == RESET)
      {
        if((HAL_GetTick() - tickstart ) > RCC_LSE_TIMEOUT_VALUE)
        {
          return HAL_TIMEOUT;
        }
      }
    }
    else
    {
      /* Get Start Tick*/
      tickstart = HAL_GetTick();

      /* Wait till LSE is ready */
      while(__HAL_RCC_GET_FLAG(RCC_FLAG_LSERDY) != RESET)
      {
        if((HAL_GetTick() - tickstart ) > RCC_LSE_TIMEOUT_VALUE)
        {
          return HAL_TIMEOUT;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  /*-------------------------------- PLL Configuration -----------------------*/
  /* Check the parameters */
  assert_param(IS_RCC_PLL(RCC_OscInitStruct->PLL.PLLState));
  if ((RCC_OscInitStruct->PLL.PLLState) != RCC_PLL_NONE)
  {
    /* Check if the PLL is used as system clock or not */
    if(__HAL_RCC_GET_SYSCLK_SOURCE() != RCC_CFGR_SWS_PLL)
    {
      if((RCC_OscInitStruct->PLL.PLLState) == RCC_PLL_ON)
      {
        /* Check the parameters */
        assert_param(IS_RCC_PLLSOURCE(RCC_OscInitStruct->PLL.PLLSource));
        assert_param(IS_RCC_PLLM_VALUE(RCC_OscInitStruct->PLL.PLLM));
        assert_param(IS_RCC_PLLN_VALUE(RCC_OscInitStruct->PLL.PLLN));
        assert_param(IS_RCC_PLLP_VALUE(RCC_OscInitStruct->PLL.PLLP));
        assert_param(IS_RCC_PLLQ_VALUE(RCC_OscInitStruct->PLL.PLLQ));

        /* Disable the main PLL. */
        __HAL_RCC_PLL_DISABLE();

        /* Get Start Tick*/
        tickstart = HAL_GetTick();

        /* Wait till PLL is ready */
        while(__HAL_RCC_GET_FLAG(RCC_FLAG_PLLRDY) != RESET)
        {
          if((HAL_GetTick() - tickstart ) > PLL_TIMEOUT_VALUE)
          {
            return HAL_TIMEOUT;
          }
        }

        /* Configure the main PLL clock source, multiplication and division factors. */
        WRITE_REG(RCC->PLLCFGR, (RCC_OscInitStruct->PLL.PLLSource                                            | \
                                 RCC_OscInitStruct->PLL.PLLM                                                 | \
                                 (RCC_OscInitStruct->PLL.PLLN << POSITION_VAL(RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLN))             | \
                                 (((RCC_OscInitStruct->PLL.PLLP >> 1U) - 1U) << POSITION_VAL(RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLP)) | \
                                 (RCC_OscInitStruct->PLL.PLLQ << POSITION_VAL(RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLQ))));
        /* Enable the main PLL. */
        __HAL_RCC_PLL_ENABLE();

        /* Get Start Tick*/
        tickstart = HAL_GetTick();

        /* Wait till PLL is ready */
        while(__HAL_RCC_GET_FLAG(RCC_FLAG_PLLRDY) == RESET)
        {
          if((HAL_GetTick() - tickstart ) > PLL_TIMEOUT_VALUE)
          {
            return HAL_TIMEOUT;
          }
        }
      }
      else
      {
        /* Disable the main PLL. */
        __HAL_RCC_PLL_DISABLE();

        /* Get Start Tick*/
        tickstart = HAL_GetTick();

        /* Wait till PLL is ready */
        while(__HAL_RCC_GET_FLAG(RCC_FLAG_PLLRDY) != RESET)
        {
          if((HAL_GetTick() - tickstart ) > PLL_TIMEOUT_VALUE)
          {
            return HAL_TIMEOUT;
          }
        }
      }
    }
    else
    {
      return HAL_ERROR;
    }
  }
  return HAL_OK;
}

/**
  * @brief  Initializes the CPU, AHB and APB busses clocks according to the specified
  *         parameters in the RCC_ClkInitStruct.
  * @param  RCC_ClkInitStruct: pointer to an RCC_OscInitTypeDef structure that
  *         contains the configuration information for the RCC peripheral.
  * @param  FLatency: FLASH Latency, this parameter depend on device selected
  *
  * @note   The SystemCoreClock CMSIS variable is used to store System Clock Frequency
  *         and updated by HAL_RCC_GetHCLKFreq() function called within this function
  *
  * @note   The HSI is used (enabled by hardware) as system clock source after
  *         startup from Reset, wake-up from STOP and STANDBY mode, or in case
  *         of failure of the HSE used directly or indirectly as system clock
  *         (if the Clock Security System CSS is enabled).
  *
  * @note   A switch from one clock source to another occurs only if the target
  *         clock source is ready (clock stable after startup delay or PLL locked).
  *         If a clock source which is not yet ready is selected, the switch will
  *         occur when the clock source will be ready.
  *
  * @note   Depending on the device voltage range, the software has to set correctly
  *         HPRE[3:0] bits to ensure that HCLK not exceed the maximum allowed frequency
  *         (for more details refer to section above "Initialization/de-initialization functions")
  * @retval None
  */
HAL_StatusTypeDef HAL_RCC_ClockConfig(RCC_ClkInitTypeDef  *RCC_ClkInitStruct, uint32_t FLatency)
{
  uint32_t tickstart = 0U;

  /* Check the parameters */
  assert_param(IS_RCC_CLOCKTYPE(RCC_ClkInitStruct->ClockType));
  assert_param(IS_FLASH_LATENCY(FLatency));

  /* To correctly read data from FLASH memory, the number of wait states (LATENCY)
    must be correctly programmed according to the frequency of the CPU clock
    (HCLK) and the supply voltage of the device. */

  /* Increasing the number of wait states because of higher CPU frequency */
  if(FLatency > (FLASH->ACR & FLASH_ACR_LATENCY))
  {
    /* Program the new number of wait states to the LATENCY bits in the FLASH_ACR register */
    __HAL_FLASH_SET_LATENCY(FLatency);

    /* Check that the new number of wait states is taken into account to access the Flash
    memory by reading the FLASH_ACR register */
    if((FLASH->ACR & FLASH_ACR_LATENCY) != FLatency)
    {
      return HAL_ERROR;
    }
  }

  /*-------------------------- HCLK Configuration --------------------------*/
  if(((RCC_ClkInitStruct->ClockType) & RCC_CLOCKTYPE_HCLK) == RCC_CLOCKTYPE_HCLK)
  {
    assert_param(IS_RCC_HCLK(RCC_ClkInitStruct->AHBCLKDivider));
    MODIFY_REG(RCC->CFGR, RCC_CFGR_HPRE, RCC_ClkInitStruct->AHBCLKDivider);
  }

  /*------------------------- SYSCLK Configuration ---------------------------*/
  if(((RCC_ClkInitStruct->ClockType) & RCC_CLOCKTYPE_SYSCLK) == RCC_CLOCKTYPE_SYSCLK)
  {
    assert_param(IS_RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE(RCC_ClkInitStruct->SYSCLKSource));

    /* HSE is selected as System Clock Source */
    if(RCC_ClkInitStruct->SYSCLKSource == RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_HSE)
    {
      /* Check the HSE ready flag */
      if(__HAL_RCC_GET_FLAG(RCC_FLAG_HSERDY) == RESET)
      {
        return HAL_ERROR;
      }
    }
    /* PLL is selected as System Clock Source */
    else if((RCC_ClkInitStruct->SYSCLKSource == RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_PLLCLK)   ||
            (RCC_ClkInitStruct->SYSCLKSource == RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_PLLRCLK))
    {
      /* Check the PLL ready flag */
      if(__HAL_RCC_GET_FLAG(RCC_FLAG_PLLRDY) == RESET)
      {
        return HAL_ERROR;
      }
    }
    /* HSI is selected as System Clock Source */
    else
    {
      /* Check the HSI ready flag */
      if(__HAL_RCC_GET_FLAG(RCC_FLAG_HSIRDY) == RESET)
      {
        return HAL_ERROR;
      }
    }

    __HAL_RCC_SYSCLK_CONFIG(RCC_ClkInitStruct->SYSCLKSource);
    /* Get Start Tick*/
    tickstart = HAL_GetTick();

    if(RCC_ClkInitStruct->SYSCLKSource == RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_HSE)
    {
      while (__HAL_RCC_GET_SYSCLK_SOURCE() != RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_STATUS_HSE)
      {
        if((HAL_GetTick() - tickstart ) > CLOCKSWITCH_TIMEOUT_VALUE)
        {
          return HAL_TIMEOUT;
        }
      }
    }
    else if(RCC_ClkInitStruct->SYSCLKSource == RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_PLLCLK)
    {
      while (__HAL_RCC_GET_SYSCLK_SOURCE() != RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_STATUS_PLLCLK)
      {
        if((HAL_GetTick() - tickstart ) > CLOCKSWITCH_TIMEOUT_VALUE)
        {
          return HAL_TIMEOUT;
        }
      }
    }
    else if(RCC_ClkInitStruct->SYSCLKSource == RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_PLLRCLK)
    {
      while (__HAL_RCC_GET_SYSCLK_SOURCE() != RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_STATUS_PLLRCLK)
      {
        if((HAL_GetTick() - tickstart ) > CLOCKSWITCH_TIMEOUT_VALUE)
        {
          return HAL_TIMEOUT;
        }
      }
    }
    else
    {
      while(__HAL_RCC_GET_SYSCLK_SOURCE() != RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_STATUS_HSI)
      {
        if((HAL_GetTick() - tickstart ) > CLOCKSWITCH_TIMEOUT_VALUE)
        {
          return HAL_TIMEOUT;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /* Decreasing the number of wait states because of lower CPU frequency */
  if(FLatency < (FLASH->ACR & FLASH_ACR_LATENCY))
  {
     /* Program the new number of wait states to the LATENCY bits in the FLASH_ACR register */
    __HAL_FLASH_SET_LATENCY(FLatency);

    /* Check that the new number of wait states is taken into account to access the Flash
    memory by reading the FLASH_ACR register */
    if((FLASH->ACR & FLASH_ACR_LATENCY) != FLatency)
    {
      return HAL_ERROR;
    }
 }

  /*-------------------------- PCLK1 Configuration ---------------------------*/
  if(((RCC_ClkInitStruct->ClockType) & RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK1) == RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK1)
  {
    assert_param(IS_RCC_PCLK(RCC_ClkInitStruct->APB1CLKDivider));
    MODIFY_REG(RCC->CFGR, RCC_CFGR_PPRE1, RCC_ClkInitStruct->APB1CLKDivider);
  }

  /*-------------------------- PCLK2 Configuration ---------------------------*/
  if(((RCC_ClkInitStruct->ClockType) & RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK2) == RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK2)
  {
    assert_param(IS_RCC_PCLK(RCC_ClkInitStruct->APB2CLKDivider));
    MODIFY_REG(RCC->CFGR, RCC_CFGR_PPRE2, ((RCC_ClkInitStruct->APB2CLKDivider) << 3U));
  }

  /* Update the SystemCoreClock global variable */
  SystemCoreClock = HAL_RCC_GetSysClockFreq() >> AHBPrescTable[(RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_HPRE)>> POSITION_VAL(RCC_CFGR_HPRE)];

  /* Configure the source of time base considering new system clocks settings*/
  HAL_InitTick (TICK_INT_PRIORITY);

  return HAL_OK;
}

/**
  * @}
  */

/** @defgroup RCC_Exported_Functions_Group2 Peripheral Control functions
 *  @brief   RCC clocks control functions
 *
@verbatim
 ===============================================================================
                      ##### Peripheral Control functions #####
 ===============================================================================
    [..]
    This subsection provides a set of functions allowing to control the RCC Clocks
    frequencies.

@endverbatim
  * @{
  */

/**
  * @brief  Selects the clock source to output on MCO1 pin(PA8) or on MCO2 pin(PC9).
  * @note   PA8/PC9 should be configured in alternate function mode.
  * @param  RCC_MCOx: specifies the output direction for the clock source.
  *          This parameter can be one of the following values:
  *            @arg RCC_MCO1: Clock source to output on MCO1 pin(PA8).
  *            @arg RCC_MCO2: Clock source to output on MCO2 pin(PC9).
  * @param  RCC_MCOSource: specifies the clock source to output.
  *          This parameter can be one of the following values:
  *            @arg RCC_MCO1SOURCE_HSI: HSI clock selected as MCO1 source
  *            @arg RCC_MCO1SOURCE_LSE: LSE clock selected as MCO1 source
  *            @arg RCC_MCO1SOURCE_HSE: HSE clock selected as MCO1 source
  *            @arg RCC_MCO1SOURCE_PLLCLK: main PLL clock selected as MCO1 source
  *            @arg RCC_MCO2SOURCE_SYSCLK: System clock (SYSCLK) selected as MCO2 source
  *            @arg RCC_MCO2SOURCE_PLLI2SCLK: PLLI2S clock selected as MCO2 source, available for all STM32F4 devices except STM32F410xx
  *            @arg RCC_MCO2SOURCE_I2SCLK: I2SCLK clock selected as MCO2 source, available only for STM32F410Rx devices
  *            @arg RCC_MCO2SOURCE_HSE: HSE clock selected as MCO2 source
  *            @arg RCC_MCO2SOURCE_PLLCLK: main PLL clock selected as MCO2 source
  * @param  RCC_MCODiv: specifies the MCOx prescaler.
  *          This parameter can be one of the following values:
  *            @arg RCC_MCODIV_1: no division applied to MCOx clock
  *            @arg RCC_MCODIV_2: division by 2 applied to MCOx clock
  *            @arg RCC_MCODIV_3: division by 3 applied to MCOx clock
  *            @arg RCC_MCODIV_4: division by 4 applied to MCOx clock
  *            @arg RCC_MCODIV_5: division by 5 applied to MCOx clock
  * @note  For STM32F410Rx devices to output I2SCLK clock on MCO2 you should have
  *        at last one of the SPI clocks enabled (SPI1, SPI2 or SPI5).
  * @retval None
  */
void HAL_RCC_MCOConfig(uint32_t RCC_MCOx, uint32_t RCC_MCOSource, uint32_t RCC_MCODiv)
{
  GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStruct;
  /* Check the parameters */
  assert_param(IS_RCC_MCO(RCC_MCOx));
  assert_param(IS_RCC_MCODIV(RCC_MCODiv));
  /* RCC_MCO1 */
  if(RCC_MCOx == RCC_MCO1)
  {
    assert_param(IS_RCC_MCO1SOURCE(RCC_MCOSource));

    /* MCO1 Clock Enable */
    __MCO1_CLK_ENABLE();

    /* Configure the MCO1 pin in alternate function mode */
    GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = MCO1_PIN;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_AF_PP;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Speed = GPIO_SPEED_FREQ_VERY_HIGH;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_NOPULL;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Alternate = GPIO_AF0_MCO;
    HAL_GPIO_Init(MCO1_GPIO_PORT, &GPIO_InitStruct);

    /* Mask MCO1 and MCO1PRE[2:0] bits then Select MCO1 clock source and prescaler */
    MODIFY_REG(RCC->CFGR, (RCC_CFGR_MCO1 | RCC_CFGR_MCO1PRE), (RCC_MCOSource | RCC_MCODiv));

   /* This RCC MCO1 enable feature is available only on STM32F410xx devices */
#if defined(RCC_CFGR_MCO1EN)
    __HAL_RCC_MCO1_ENABLE();
#endif /* RCC_CFGR_MCO1EN */
  }
#if defined(RCC_CFGR_MCO2)
  else
  {
    assert_param(IS_RCC_MCO2SOURCE(RCC_MCOSource));

    /* MCO2 Clock Enable */
    __MCO2_CLK_ENABLE();

    /* Configure the MCO2 pin in alternate function mode */
    GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = MCO2_PIN;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_AF_PP;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Speed = GPIO_SPEED_FREQ_VERY_HIGH;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_NOPULL;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Alternate = GPIO_AF0_MCO;
    HAL_GPIO_Init(MCO2_GPIO_PORT, &GPIO_InitStruct);

    /* Mask MCO2 and MCO2PRE[2:0] bits then Select MCO2 clock source and prescaler */
    MODIFY_REG(RCC->CFGR, (RCC_CFGR_MCO2 | RCC_CFGR_MCO2PRE), (RCC_MCOSource | (RCC_MCODiv << 3U)));

   /* This RCC MCO2 enable feature is available only on STM32F410Rx devices */
#if defined(RCC_CFGR_MCO2EN)
    __HAL_RCC_MCO2_ENABLE();
#endif /* RCC_CFGR_MCO2EN */
  }
#endif /* RCC_CFGR_MCO2 */
}

/**
  * @brief  Enables the Clock Security System.
  * @note   If a failure is detected on the HSE oscillator clock, this oscillator
  *         is automatically disabled and an interrupt is generated to inform the
  *         software about the failure (Clock Security System Interrupt, CSSI),
  *         allowing the MCU to perform rescue operations. The CSSI is linked to
  *         the Cortex-M4 NMI (Non-Maskable Interrupt) exception vector.
  * @retval None
  */
void HAL_RCC_EnableCSS(void)
{
  *(__IO uint32_t *) RCC_CR_CSSON_BB = (uint32_t)ENABLE;
}

/**
  * @brief  Disables the Clock Security System.
  * @retval None
  */
void HAL_RCC_DisableCSS(void)
{
  *(__IO uint32_t *) RCC_CR_CSSON_BB = (uint32_t)DISABLE;
}

/**
  * @brief  Returns the SYSCLK frequency
  *
  * @note   The system frequency computed by this function is not the real
  *         frequency in the chip. It is calculated based on the predefined
  *         constant and the selected clock source:
  * @note     If SYSCLK source is HSI, function returns values based on HSI_VALUE(*)
  * @note     If SYSCLK source is HSE, function returns values based on HSE_VALUE(**)
  * @note     If SYSCLK source is PLL, function returns values based on HSE_VALUE(**)
  *           or HSI_VALUE(*) multiplied/divided by the PLL factors.
  * @note     (*) HSI_VALUE is a constant defined in stm32f4xx_hal_conf.h file (default value
  *               16 MHz) but the real value may vary depending on the variations
  *               in voltage and temperature.
  * @note     (**) HSE_VALUE is a constant defined in stm32f4xx_hal_conf.h file (default value
  *                25 MHz), user has to ensure that HSE_VALUE is same as the real
  *                frequency of the crystal used. Otherwise, this function may
  *                have wrong result.
  *
  * @note   The result of this function could be not correct when using fractional
  *         value for HSE crystal.
  *
  * @note   This function can be used by the user application to compute the
  *         baudrate for the communication peripherals or configure other parameters.
  *
  * @note   Each time SYSCLK changes, this function must be called to update the
  *         right SYSCLK value. Otherwise, any configuration based on this function will be incorrect.
  *
  *
  * @retval SYSCLK frequency
  */
__weak uint32_t HAL_RCC_GetSysClockFreq(void)
{
  uint32_t pllm = 0U, pllvco = 0U, pllp = 0U;
  uint32_t sysclockfreq = 0U;

  /* Get SYSCLK source -------------------------------------------------------*/
  switch (RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_SWS)
  {
    case RCC_CFGR_SWS_HSI:  /* HSI used as system clock source */
    {
      sysclockfreq = HSI_VALUE;
       break;
    }
    case RCC_CFGR_SWS_HSE:  /* HSE used as system clock  source */
    {
      sysclockfreq = HSE_VALUE;
      break;
    }
    case RCC_CFGR_SWS_PLL:  /* PLL used as system clock  source */
    {
      /* PLL_VCO = (HSE_VALUE or HSI_VALUE / PLLM) * PLLN
      SYSCLK = PLL_VCO / PLLP */
      pllm = RCC->PLLCFGR & RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLM;
      if(__HAL_RCC_GET_PLL_OSCSOURCE() != RCC_PLLSOURCE_HSI)
      {
        /* HSE used as PLL clock source */
        //pllvco = ((HSE_VALUE / pllm) * ((RCC->PLLCFGR & RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLN) >> POSITION_VAL(RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLN)));
        // dpgeorge: Adjust the way the arithmetic is done so it retains
        // precision for the case that pllm doesn't evenly divide HSE_VALUE.
        // Must be sure not to overflow, so divide by 4 first.  HSE_VALUE
        // should be a multiple of 4 (being a multiple of 100 is enough).
        pllvco = ((HSE_VALUE / 4) * ((RCC->PLLCFGR & RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLN) >> POSITION_VAL(RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLN))) / pllm * 4;
      }
      else
      {
        /* HSI used as PLL clock source */
        pllvco = ((HSI_VALUE / pllm) * ((RCC->PLLCFGR & RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLN) >> POSITION_VAL(RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLN)));
      }
      pllp = ((((RCC->PLLCFGR & RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLP) >> POSITION_VAL(RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLP)) + 1U) *2U);

      sysclockfreq = pllvco/pllp;
      break;
    }
    default:
    {
      sysclockfreq = HSI_VALUE;
      break;
    }
  }
  return sysclockfreq;
}

/**
  * @brief  Returns the HCLK frequency
  * @note   Each time HCLK changes, this function must be called to update the
  *         right HCLK value. Otherwise, any configuration based on this function will be incorrect.
  *
  * @note   The SystemCoreClock CMSIS variable is used to store System Clock Frequency
  *         and updated within this function
  * @retval HCLK frequency
  */
uint32_t HAL_RCC_GetHCLKFreq(void)
{
  return SystemCoreClock;
}

/**
  * @brief  Returns the PCLK1 frequency
  * @note   Each time PCLK1 changes, this function must be called to update the
  *         right PCLK1 value. Otherwise, any configuration based on this function will be incorrect.
  * @retval PCLK1 frequency
  */
uint32_t HAL_RCC_GetPCLK1Freq(void)
{
  /* Get HCLK source and Compute PCLK1 frequency ---------------------------*/
  return (HAL_RCC_GetHCLKFreq() >> APBPrescTable[(RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_PPRE1)>> POSITION_VAL(RCC_CFGR_PPRE1)]);
}

/**
  * @brief  Returns the PCLK2 frequency
  * @note   Each time PCLK2 changes, this function must be called to update the
  *         right PCLK2 value. Otherwise, any configuration based on this function will be incorrect.
  * @retval PCLK2 frequency
  */
uint32_t HAL_RCC_GetPCLK2Freq(void)
{
  /* Get HCLK source and Compute PCLK2 frequency ---------------------------*/
  return (HAL_RCC_GetHCLKFreq()>> APBPrescTable[(RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_PPRE2)>> POSITION_VAL(RCC_CFGR_PPRE2)]);
}

/**
  * @brief  Configures the RCC_OscInitStruct according to the internal
  * RCC configuration registers.
  * @param  RCC_OscInitStruct: pointer to an RCC_OscInitTypeDef structure that
  * will be configured.
  * @retval None
  */
__weak void HAL_RCC_GetOscConfig(RCC_OscInitTypeDef  *RCC_OscInitStruct)
{
  /* Set all possible values for the Oscillator type parameter ---------------*/
  RCC_OscInitStruct->OscillatorType = RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_HSE | RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_HSI | RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_LSE | RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_LSI;

  /* Get the HSE configuration -----------------------------------------------*/
  if((RCC->CR &RCC_CR_HSEBYP) == RCC_CR_HSEBYP)
  {
    RCC_OscInitStruct->HSEState = RCC_HSE_BYPASS;
  }
  else if((RCC->CR &RCC_CR_HSEON) == RCC_CR_HSEON)
  {
    RCC_OscInitStruct->HSEState = RCC_HSE_ON;
  }
  else
  {
    RCC_OscInitStruct->HSEState = RCC_HSE_OFF;
  }

  /* Get the HSI configuration -----------------------------------------------*/
  if((RCC->CR &RCC_CR_HSION) == RCC_CR_HSION)
  {
    RCC_OscInitStruct->HSIState = RCC_HSI_ON;
  }
  else
  {
    RCC_OscInitStruct->HSIState = RCC_HSI_OFF;
  }

  RCC_OscInitStruct->HSICalibrationValue = (uint32_t)((RCC->CR &RCC_CR_HSITRIM) >> POSITION_VAL(RCC_CR_HSITRIM));

  /* Get the LSE configuration -----------------------------------------------*/
  if((RCC->BDCR &RCC_BDCR_LSEBYP) == RCC_BDCR_LSEBYP)
  {
    RCC_OscInitStruct->LSEState = RCC_LSE_BYPASS;
  }
  else if((RCC->BDCR &RCC_BDCR_LSEON) == RCC_BDCR_LSEON)
  {
    RCC_OscInitStruct->LSEState = RCC_LSE_ON;
  }
  else
  {
    RCC_OscInitStruct->LSEState = RCC_LSE_OFF;
  }

  /* Get the LSI configuration -----------------------------------------------*/
  if((RCC->CSR &RCC_CSR_LSION) == RCC_CSR_LSION)
  {
    RCC_OscInitStruct->LSIState = RCC_LSI_ON;
  }
  else
  {
    RCC_OscInitStruct->LSIState = RCC_LSI_OFF;
  }

  /* Get the PLL configuration -----------------------------------------------*/
  if((RCC->CR &RCC_CR_PLLON) == RCC_CR_PLLON)
  {
    RCC_OscInitStruct->PLL.PLLState = RCC_PLL_ON;
  }
  else
  {
    RCC_OscInitStruct->PLL.PLLState = RCC_PLL_OFF;
  }
  RCC_OscInitStruct->PLL.PLLSource = (uint32_t)(RCC->PLLCFGR & RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLSRC);
  RCC_OscInitStruct->PLL.PLLM = (uint32_t)(RCC->PLLCFGR & RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLM);
  RCC_OscInitStruct->PLL.PLLN = (uint32_t)((RCC->PLLCFGR & RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLN) >> POSITION_VAL(RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLN));
  RCC_OscInitStruct->PLL.PLLP = (uint32_t)((((RCC->PLLCFGR & RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLP) + RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLP_0) << 1U) >> POSITION_VAL(RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLP));
  RCC_OscInitStruct->PLL.PLLQ = (uint32_t)((RCC->PLLCFGR & RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLQ) >> POSITION_VAL(RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLQ));
}

/**
  * @brief  Configures the RCC_ClkInitStruct according to the internal
  * RCC configuration registers.
  * @param  RCC_ClkInitStruct: pointer to an RCC_ClkInitTypeDef structure that
  * will be configured.
  * @param  pFLatency: Pointer on the Flash Latency.
  * @retval None
  */
void HAL_RCC_GetClockConfig(RCC_ClkInitTypeDef  *RCC_ClkInitStruct, uint32_t *pFLatency)
{
  /* Set all possible values for the Clock type parameter --------------------*/
  RCC_ClkInitStruct->ClockType = RCC_CLOCKTYPE_SYSCLK | RCC_CLOCKTYPE_HCLK | RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK1 | RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK2;

  /* Get the SYSCLK configuration --------------------------------------------*/
  RCC_ClkInitStruct->SYSCLKSource = (uint32_t)(RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_SW);

  /* Get the HCLK configuration ----------------------------------------------*/
  RCC_ClkInitStruct->AHBCLKDivider = (uint32_t)(RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_HPRE);

  /* Get the APB1 configuration ----------------------------------------------*/
  RCC_ClkInitStruct->APB1CLKDivider = (uint32_t)(RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_PPRE1);

  /* Get the APB2 configuration ----------------------------------------------*/
  RCC_ClkInitStruct->APB2CLKDivider = (uint32_t)((RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_PPRE2) >> 3U);

  /* Get the Flash Wait State (Latency) configuration ------------------------*/
  *pFLatency = (uint32_t)(FLASH->ACR & FLASH_ACR_LATENCY);
}

/**
  * @brief This function handles the RCC CSS interrupt request.
  * @note This API should be called under the NMI_Handler().
  * @retval None
  */
void HAL_RCC_NMI_IRQHandler(void)
{
  /* Check RCC CSSF flag  */
  if(__HAL_RCC_GET_IT(RCC_IT_CSS))
  {
    /* RCC Clock Security System interrupt user callback */
    HAL_RCC_CSSCallback();

    /* Clear RCC CSS pending bit */
    __HAL_RCC_CLEAR_IT(RCC_IT_CSS);
  }
}

/**
  * @brief  RCC Clock Security System interrupt callback
  * @retval None
  */
__weak void HAL_RCC_CSSCallback(void)
{
  /* NOTE : This function Should not be modified, when the callback is needed,
            the HAL_RCC_CSSCallback could be implemented in the user file
   */
}

/**
  * @}
  */

/**
  * @}
  */

#endif /* HAL_RCC_MODULE_ENABLED */
/**
  * @}
  */

/**
  * @}
  */

/************************ (C) COPYRIGHT STMicroelectronics *****END OF FILE****/